“自然”与“习俗”探究智者的政治思想-外国哲学专业论文.docx

唰唰叫叫qJW阳 唰唰叫叫qJW 阳州附民Jw m川阳nu m川 川 υ内 川阳MRJV 川川川00 川川mwAE- mY 摘要 由于对希腊自然哲学的反对，对城邦传统观念的革新，以及苏格拉底和柏 拉阁的批判，希腊智者成为了世人批判的对象，但与此同时，我们还应该看到 智者在人类社会发展中所陆的积极作用。智者们不关注自然、宇宙的问题，而 将关珑的焦点集中在政治人事的问题上来，以"自然"与"习俗"的区分核心 探讨政治的本质和正义问题。有的智者!电持"自然"与"习俗"的对立，把自 然怯则建基于彼此相互冲突的利己主义本性之上，抵制习俗法律的人为约束， 如卡里克勒;有的智者则在区分"自然"与"习俗"的同时，试图缓解二者的 极端对立，在承认自然法则的利己主义本性的同时，也承认习俗法律的外在价 值，如色拉叙马霍斯与格劳孔。在此，值得特别关注的一名智者就是普罗泰戈 拉，他的著名论点"德性可教"与"人是万物的尺度"是从感性与理性两个层 回来力争"自然"与"习俗"的统一。除此之外，智者的政治思想还涉及了国 家、正义与德性等问题，尤其是正义问题更是成为了后续哲学家探讨的焦点。 关键词:智者:自然;习俗:正义 11 11 ABSTRACT Sophists were the opponents of the Greek natural philosophy and the innovators of the city-state's traditiona1 concept，inc1uding Socrates and Plato's critique，Sophists have been criticized by the public. However，we must focus on the gre创 contribution which Sophists had made in the development of human society. Sophists did not concem the problem of natural world but the politica1 and human affairs，也ey ana1ysed the essence of politics and justice by making a distinction between "physis" and "nomos". Some of them persisted in the difference between 平hysis" and 飞omos"，thus Sophists emphasized human nature as selfishness，which w:邸 against the law or the custom's con衍。1，Ca1licles for example; others although approved the difference，they also tried ωremit the extreme，由ey advocated people's selfish natual and recognized the exterior value of "nomos"，such ω 丁hrasymachus and Glaucon. By the way，we should pay attention to a special one，he is Protagoras，his ar部IDlent on "Arete can be 阳ught" and "A human being is 由e measure" aimed the harmony of "physis" and "nomos". Moreover，their politics involved other problems ，suchω states 、justice and arete. Whatever，justice became 也e focus discussion of the following philosophers. Key Words: sophists; physis; nomos; justice I. I .，. 目录 序宙 间…… 第 1章希腊的 "physi s" 与 "nomos" 问题 " ..，? .. ? .. ? " .. ? ? ? " ? 4 1.1 "physis" 与 "nomos" 的概念分析... ，.. ? ? ... ? ? ? ? .. ? ? ? ? .. ? ? .. ? ? ? ? ? 4 1.2 希腊智者对"自然"与"习俗"的区分. 6 第