narrative-synthesis-的撰写全流程.docxVIP

Toolkit for Mixed Studies Reviews In line with the PRISMA statement （PRISMA）,’Toolkit for Mixed Studies Reviews’ is structured by eights stages (QESISAES acronym). Stage 1: Formulate a review question In mixed studies reviews, there may be one qualitative question, or one quantitative question, or a qualitative and a quantitative question (see examples in the table below). Typical qualitative questions are ‘what?’, ‘how?’, and ‘why?’. Typical quantitative questions concern the incidence and prevalence of a problem or a risk factor, and the likelihood and significance of the association between factors and outcomes. For example, a question on the effectiveness of an intervention is traditionally framed using all elements of the PICO structure, or any of its variant forms such as PICOS or PICOT (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009; OConnor, Green and Higgins, 2008; Rios, Ye and Thabane, 2010; Stillwell, Fineout-Overholt, Melnyk and Williamson, 2010). These letters stand for: P: population or problem I: intervention or issue of interest (e.g., exposure) C: comparator O: outcome S: study design or setting (e.g., context) T: timing of outcome assessment For qualitative and mixed studies reviews, other frameworks for structuring questions have been proposed such as: SPICE: Setting, Perspective, Intervention, Comparison, and Evaluation (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2011) SPIDER : Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, and Research type (Cooke et al., 2012) Tip: You can use the attached checklist(s) for (self)assessing qualitative and quantitative questions. Examples Designs ( see section on synthesis) Example of review questions: Questions adapted from: Convergent qualitative Qualitative question (PI): What are the (types of or key) processes of making shared decisions with palliative care patients? Bélanger et al. (2011) Convergent quantitative Quantitative question (PIT): What are the frequencies of the different paradigms and methods used in negoti