精密水准仪与水准尺.doc

精密水准仪与水准尺 ?5.3 精密水准仪与水准尺 5.3.1 精密水准仪的构造特点 对于精密水准测量的精度而言，除一些外界因素的影响外，观测仪器——水准仪在结构上的精确性与可靠性是具有重要意义的。为此，对精密水准仪必须具备的一些条件提出下列要求。 1.高质量的望远镜光学系统 为了在望远镜中能获得水准标尺上分划线的清晰影像，望远镜必须具有足够的放大倍率和较大的物镜孔径。一般精密水准仪的放大倍率应大于40倍，物镜的孔径应大于50mm。 2.坚固稳定的仪器结构 仪器的结构必须使视准轴与水准轴之间的联系相对稳定，不受外界条件的变化而改变它们之间的关系。一般精密水准仪的主要构件均用特殊的合金钢制成，并在仪器上套有起隔热作用的防护罩。 3.高精度的测微器装置 精密水准仪必须有光学测微器装置，借以精密测定小于水准标尺最小分划线间格值的尾数，从而提高在水准标尺上的读数精度。一般精密水准仪的光学测微器可以读到0.lmm，估读到0.Olmm。 4.高灵敏的管水准器 一般精密水准仪的管水准器的格值为10"/2mm。由于水准器的灵敏度愈高，观测时要使水准器气泡迅速置中也就愈困难，为此，在精密水准仪上必须有倾斜螺旋(又称微倾螺旋)的装置，借以可以使视准轴与水准轴同时产生微量变化，从而使水准气泡较为容易地精确置中以达到视准轴的精确整平。 表5-1 我国水准仪系列及基本技术参数 水准仪系列型号 技术参数项目 S05 S1 S3 S10 每公里往返平均高差中误差 ?0.5mm ?1mm ?3mm ?10mm 望远镜放大率 ?40倍 ?40倍 ?30倍 ?25倍 望远镜有效孔径 ?60mm ?50mm ?42mm ?35mm 管状水准器格值 10″/2mm 10″/2mm 20″/mm 20″/2mm 测微器有效量测范围 5mm 5mm 测微器最小分格值 0.1mm 0.1mm 补偿范围 ?8′ ?8′ ?8′ ?10′ 自动安平水准仪 安平精度 ?0.1″ ?0.2″ ?0.5″ ?2″ 补偿性能 安平时间不长于 2s 2s 2s 2s planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first built Hou split" of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries, optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ... Library district all "pick hat" and "five-ten", ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty, stability to achieve "two worry about three". To accomplish these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order