methodforappraisinglevelofsoilloadingandpollution(m e t h o d f o r a p p r a i s i n g l e v e l ofsoilloadingandpollution).doc
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Appraising levels of soil contamination and pollution with heavy metals
Introduction
Heavy metals are chemical elements, common to all kinds of soils, and their abundance ranks between percentage (Fe only) and parts per million. The very low general level of their content in soils and plants, as well as the biological role of most of these chemical elements, has led to them being grouped under the generic name of “microelements”. When the soil has very high contents of such chemical elements, the term “heavy metal pollution” is used.
In some areas, the contents of these elements in soil are higher than the maximum concentration which has a beneficent or harmless effect on vegetation.
R. Lacatusu
Research Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Bd. Marasti 61,
RO-71331 Bucharest 32, Romania
The content of heavy metals in soil can reach levels that inhibit the normal growth and development process of plants, and cause functional disturbance in other environmental components. These very high contents may be of geogenic or anthropogenic nature.
The negative effect of heavy metals depends on the percentage weight of their concentration as well as on a series of physical and chemical soil specific characteristics, such as: texture, organic matter content, pH, redox potential, etc.
In order to interpret the level of soil heavy metals, only their content values have been initially considered: values analytically determined both in normal soils not affected by anthropic impact, and in affected soils. Then values representing the maximum allowable limits (MAL) of concentration of heavy metals in soils have been established, mainly applicable to growth and development of plants. Such MAL have been established by Kloke (1980) in Germany, according to the results obtained from laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments (Table 1). Later, some of these thresholds were changed (Kloke and Einkmann, 1991, quoted by Kabata-Pendias, 1995), some of th
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