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materials
Review
Lightweight Concrete—From Basics to Innovations
Karl-Christian Thienel * , Timo Haller and Nancy Beuntner
Institute for Construction Materials, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39,
85579 Neubiberg, Germany; timo.haller@unibw.de (T.H.); nancy.beuntner@unibw.de (N.B.)
* Correspondence: christian.thienel@unibw.de; Tel.: 49-89-6004-2512
Received: 15 January 2020; Accepted: 28 February 2020; Published: 3 March 2020
Abstract: Lightweight concrete has a history of more than two-thousand years and its technical
development is still proceeding. This review starts with a retrospective that gives an idea of the wide
range of applications covered by lightweight concrete during the last century. Although lightweight
concrete is well known and has proven its technical potential in a wide range of applications over
the past decades, there are still hesitations and uncertainties in practice. For that reason, lightweight
aggregate properties and the various types of lightweight concrete are discussed in detail with a
special focus on current standards. The review is based on a background of 25 years of practical and
theoretical experience in this field. One of the main challenges in designing lightweight concrete is to
adapt most of design, production and execution rules since they often deviate from normal weight
concrete. Therefore, aspects are highlighted that often are the cause of misunderstandings, such as
nomenclature or the informational value of certain tests. Frequently occurring problems regarding the
mix design and production of lightweight concrete are addressed and the unintended consequences
are described. A critical view is provided on some information given in existing European concrete
standards r
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