制定海运脱碳路线：政策制定者和行业总结.pdf

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble i Acknowledgements ii Abbreviations iii 1. International shipping: a key enabler for trade and development, and a major source of emissions 1 2. The prospects of zero-carbon bunker fuels for decarbonizing shipping 5 3. The role of liquefied natural gas in shipping’s energy transition 9 4. Opportunities for developing countries in zero-carbon shipping 17 5. Conclusions and outlook 23 5.1 Key findings 23 5.2 Implications for policymakers 25 5.3 Implications for industry 27 5.4 Outlook for further work 28 References30 FIGURES Figure 1: Historical and projected CO emissions from international shipping 3 2 Figure 2: Zero-carbon bunker fuel options for shipping 6 Figure 3: LNG lifecycle pathways 11 Figure 4: Suggested roles for natural gas as a bunker fuel, and as a fuel feedstock in shipping’s decarbonization 15 Figure 5: Potential realignment of the global bunker fuel market through zero- carbon shipping 18 Figure 6: Heatmap indicating the potential of countries to produce blue ammonia/hydrogen for shipping 20 Figure 7: Heatmap indicating the potential for countries to produce green ammonia/hydrogen for shipping 20 Figure 8: Heatmap indicating the potential for countries to produce blue ammonia/blue hydro