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FundamentalsofNanomaterials;1.Introductiontonanoscalemateria;Nanoasnextsemanticrevolutionwave;Nano:servingsocietyneeds;Nanoscienceandnanotechnology;FeatomsonCusurface; Nanotechnology(sometimesshortenedtonanotech)isthestudyofmanipulatingmatteronanatomicandmolecularscale.Generally,nanotechnologydealswithdevelopingmaterials,devices,orotherstructurespossessingatleastonedimensionsizedfrom1to100nanometres.Quantummechanicaleffectsareimportantatthisquantum-realmscale.;Hasthebuildingblockswhichhasatleastonedimensioninthenanometerscale
(1-100nm);;Classificationofnanoscalematerial;Accordingtoquantumproperties(P3-5)
–Bulkmaterial
–Quantumwells
–Quantumwires
–Quantumdots; Accordingtotheshapeandchemicalcomposition(P3-8)
–Nanostructuredmaterials
–Nanostructures
–Nanocomposites;Moore’sLaw;Atomisticsimulationresultforformationofinversionchannel(electrondensity)andattainmentofthresholdvoltage(IV)inananowireMOSFET.Notethatthethresholdvoltageforthisdeviceliesaround0.45V.NanowireMOSFETslietowardstheendoftheITRSroadmapforscalingdevicesbelow10nmgatelengths.;2.Nanometereffectsofnanoscalematerials; Opticalproperties:allthesuperfinemetalparticlesshowBLACK.
Thermodynamicproperties:themeltingpointofthesuperfineparticlesdecreases.;2.2Quantumsizeeffect
Asthematerialisminiaturizedinnano-scaltheenergyspectrumbecomesdiscrete.
Asaresult,thebandgapbecomessizedependent.Thereisasmallandfiniteseparationbetweenenergylevels.;Conductor;2.3Surfaceeffect
Largespecificsurfacearealeadtothehighsurfaceenergy.(P30.Fig.2.4); 2.4Macroscopicquantumtunneleffect
–2.4.1Ballistictransport
Ballistictransportisthetransportofelectronsmediumwithnegligibleelectricalresistivityduetscattering.(P31Fig.2.5);–2.4.2Tunneling; Anelectronwavepacketdirectedatapotentialbarrier.Notethe
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