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Chapter 2 Thermodynamics
§2.1 Basic terms in thermo-
dynamics
§2.2 First law of thermodynamics
§2.3 The heat effect of reactions
§2.4 Hess’slaw
§2.1 Basic terms in thermodynamics
1. System and surroundings
2. State and state functions
3. Process
4. Phase
5. Stoichiometric equation and
extent of reaction
2.1.1 System and surroundings
System:the specific part of the universe we are
studying
Surroundings:the rest of the universe outside the
system
Open system: a system can exchange mass and energy
with its surroundings
Closed system: a closed system exchanges energy but
not matter with its surroundings
Isolated system: an isolated exchange neither mass nor
energy with its surroundings
Three systems represented by water
in a flask
(a) (b) (c)
2.1.2 State and state functions
State:the comprehensive condition of a system。
State functions :physical ties depicting
the property of a system. (p,V,T )
The characteristics of a state function:
(1) the value of a state function is unique when
the state of a system is specified.
(2) the change in the value of a state function
depends only on an initial state and a final
state of a system and is t of the
path between the two states.
(Ⅰ )
Final state
Initial state (Ⅱ )
2.1.3 Process
Constant-temperature process :a process in
which a system changes from an initial state
to a final state
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