戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 3 Morphology.docx

戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 3 Morphology 开放类和封闭类Open class and closed class 开放性词类（open class words）:名词、动词、副词和形容词 封闭性词类（closed words）：连词、介词、冠词、代词 词素Morphemes---the minimal units of the meaning 词素的定义the definition 词素morpheme--带着信息和功能的语言的最小单位 a morpheme can be defined as.a minimal unit of meaning. 例如：reader是由read和er两个词素组成 boys是由boy和-s两个词素 注意： 词素既不是意义，也不是音阶，而是意义和音阶的组合； 词素通常是任意的，他们的声音和意义之间没有必然的联系； 如果想区分词素之间的区别，可以使用语素（morph）； 区分独立词和复杂词的区别：前者为单一词素构成，后者包括两个及以上的词素 词素的分类 自由和黏着词素（Free and bound morphemes） 自由词素：可以独立成词的词素成为自由词素 can be a word by itself 黏着词素：必须依附于另一个词素must be attracted to another one 同质异形体(Allomorphs)The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs. Analyzing word structures分析词的结构 root词根 The roots constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. The roots typically belongs to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. affixes词缀 Affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes Derivational and inflectional morphemes派生词素和曲折词素 派生词素：-en, -ate, and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes 曲折词素：there are bound morphemes which are for the most part of purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Morphological rules of word formation构词的形态学规则 词的构成方式被称为形态学规则（morphological rules)，这些规则决定了词素怎样组合成为词。（The ways words are formed are caled morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.) Derivation派生 Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/ or category distinct from that of its bases. Compounds复合词：stringing words together a)When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category b) In many cases, the two words fall into different categories.Then the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound c) It is often the case that compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence d) The meaning of a compound is not