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ARTICLE IN PRESS
Journal of Theoretical Biology 248 (2007) 727–735
/locate/yjtbi
An improved model of heat transfer through penguin feathers and down
a,c a, a a b
Ning Du , Jintu Fan , Huijun Wu , Shuo Chen , Yang Liu
aInstitute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
cSchool of Mathematics and System Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
Received 16 April 2007; received in revised form 22 June 2007; accepted 25 June 2007
Available online 4 July 2007
Abstract
Penguins, mostly live in the extremely cold Antarctic, are known to have feathers and down, which are light weight, compact and
extremely efficient in preventing heat loss. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of heat transfer through the penguin feathers and down, and
how the unique characteristics of penguin feathers and down make them such good thermal insulators are not fully understood.
In this paper, an integrated model of heat transfer through the penguin feathers and down is developed and computed using finite
volume method, with the geometrical structure of the barbules being considered. Monte-Carlo method is adopted to determine the
radiative absorption and emission constant in the integrated model. The effective thermal conductance of penguin feathers
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