- 1、本文档共139页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、原创力文档(book118)网站文档一经付费(服务费),不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
- 3、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传,本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺!文档内容仅供研究参考,付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费,意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务;查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档,您可以点击 这里二次下载。
- 4、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“版权申诉”(推荐),也可以打举报电话:400-050-0827(电话支持时间:9:00-18:30)。
查看更多
Externalities
An externality is a cost or a benefit
imposed upon someone by actions
taken by others. The cost or benefit is
thus generated externally to that
somebody.
An externally imposed benefit is a
positive externality.
An externally imposed cost is a
negative externality.
Examples of Negative Externalities
Air pollution.
Water pollution.
Loud parties next door.
Traffic congestion.
Second-hand cigarette smoke.
reased insurance premiums due
to alcohol or tobacco consumption.
Examples of Positive Externalities
A well-maintained property next door
that raises the market value of your
property.
A pleasant cologne or scent worn by
the seated next to you.
Improved driving habits that reduce
accident risks.
A scientific advance.
Externalities and Efficiency
Crucially, an externality impacts a
third party; i.e. somebody who is not
a particip the activity that
produces the external cost or benefit.
Externalities and Efficiency
Externalities cause Pareto
inefficiency; typically
–too much scarce resource is
allocated to an activity which
causes a negative externality
–too little resource is allocated to an
activity which causes a positive
externality.
Externalities and Property Rights
An externality will viewed as a purely
public commodity.
A commodity is purely public if
–it is consumed by everyone
(nonexcludability), and
–everybody consumes the entire
amount of the commodity
(nonrivalry onsumption).
E.g. a broadcast evision program.
Inefficiency Negative Externalities
Consider two agents, A and B, and
two commodities, money and smoke.
Both smoke and money are goods
for Agent A.
Money is a good and smoke is a bad
f
文档评论(0)