ap经济学课件讲课教案.ppt

;Lesson 11;The Characteristics of Pure Monopolist(continued);Different Levels of Barrier to Entry;WHY MONOPOLIES ARISE;;A Monopolist’s Total Revenue, Average Revenue, and Marginal Revenue;A Monopolist’s Revenue;Demand Curve for Competitive firm and a Monopolist;Demand Curve and Marginal-Revenue Curves for a Monopoly;Elasticity and the TR Curve(recall);A Monopolist’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue;;;2012. Micro 1 (b);Profit Maximization for a Monopolist (利润最大化）;A Monopolist’s Profit;The Monopolist’s Economic Profit (经济利润）;The Monopolist’s Economic Loss(经济亏损） 2012 FRQ(1) ;;Recall : Efficiency of Competitive firms;The Efficiency of the Equilibrium Quantity;Consumer and Producer Surplus in the Market Equilibrium ( Market efficiency);;Inefficiency of Monopolist;The Inefficiency of Monopoly;The Monopolist’s efficiency and Deadweight loss;Compare : The deadweight loss of tax ;Deadweight loss from large tax;The Deadweight Loss ;;;PUBLIC POLICY TOWARD MONOPOLIES;(1) Increasing Competition by antitrust law;(2) Regulation;;Marginal Cost Pricing for a Natural Monopoly;(3) Turning some private monopolies into public enterprises;(4) Doing Nothing;;PRICE DISCRIMINATION;PRICE DISCRIMINATION;Monopolist with Single Price;Monopolist with Perfect Price Discrimination;一级价格歧视：对每一单位产品都按消费者所愿意支付的最高价格出售，厂商剥夺了全部的消费者剩余。 在此情况下资源的配置是有效率的。 ;PRICE DISCRIMINATION;Natural Monopolies;自然垄断的一个主要特征是厂商的平均成本在很高的产量水平上仍随产量的增加而递减。这方面是自然垄断表现出的规模经济。 自然垄断作为垄断的一种形式，同样存在着由于缺乏竞争所造成的垄断厂商高价格、高利润以及低产出水平等经济的效率损失。 对自然垄断的争论：政府对某些公用事业的垄 断，不以追求垄断利润为目的；对于完全垄断 下的技术进步人们持有着不同看法。 ;Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly;Typical Average Total Cost Curve;Marginal Cost Pricing for a Natural Monopoly;管制机构陷入 了两难困境。 平均成本定价 法Then p=ATC no profit 是管制价格 等于平均成本 ;;2011 Micro 1(a) (b) ;Answer ;2011. Micro 1 (c);Micro 1 (c);2011. Micro 1 (c);2011. Micro 1 (d);Micro 1 (d) Answer;2011. Micro 1 (d);2011 Micro (e) ;2011. Micro 1 (e);2011. Micro 1 (f);Micro