精读 Lesson Ten课件.ppt

Diogenes and Alexander;;Diogenes; While Diogenes was relaxing in the sunlight in the morning, Alexander, thrilled to meet the famous philosopher, asked if there was any favour he might do for him. Diogenes replied, Yes, stand out of my sunlight. ;Diogenes;Alexander;Alexander;Aristotle; Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Platos teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotles writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. ;Ploto;Plato;Hercules;Hercules;Cynicism ;Bust of antisthenes; Cynicism,in its original form, refers to the beliefs of an ancient school of Greek philosophers known as the Cynics .Their philosophy was that the purpose of life was to live a life of vitue in agreement with nature.This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth,health,power and fame and by living a simple free from all possessions. There are four reasons why the cynicsyare so named. First because of the indifferent of their way of life, for they make a cult狂热崇拜的 of indifference and, like dogs, eat and make love in public, go barefoot, and sleep in tubs and at crossroads. The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal, and they make a cult of shamelessness, not as being beneath modesty, but as superior to it. The third reason is that the dog is a good guard, and they guard the tenets原理，原则 of their philosophy. The fourth reason is that the dog is a discriminating animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies. So do they recognize as friends those who are suited to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive a