四级八级复习指导－欧洲文化入门一.doc

四级八级复习指导－欧洲文化入门一 Lecture 1 I. Do you know these? v 1.(Even) Homer sometimes nods. v 2.Achilles heel v 3.Apple of Discord v 1. Even the most skilled and trustworthy people do not always produce work of the highest quality. v 2.the fatal weak point v 3.the origin of disagreement Achilles’ story v Achilles v Peleus（[希神]珀琉斯） Thetis（[希神]西蒂斯(海神Nereus的女儿), a sea nymph v Thetis wanted to make her son invincible by dipping him into the Styx（(环绕地狱的河)冥河） v But she neglected Achilles’ heel by which she held him v Killed by Paris Story of the Golden Apple v The wedding ceremony of Thetis Peleus v The goddes of discord, Eris（厄里斯(不和女神)）, was not invited, hence, angry v Golden apple: to the most beautiful woman v Hera, Athena, Aphrodite （阿芙罗狄蒂(爱与美的女神)） v Paris, prince of Troy v Hellen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta（梅内莱厄斯：特洛伊战争期间的斯巴达王） v The Trojan War v II. Historical development of Ancient Greece 1. The Aegean（爱琴海） culture (-20 C.－-7C.) è Cretan Civilization (-20C-13C): the Minoans（(古希腊)克里特文明）; linear writing; Non- Indo-European language è Mycenaean Civilization (-12C) （迈锡尼文明）: the Akhaians, real ancestors of Greeks; Indo-European language è The Trojan War (-1200 -1170 B.C. ): Troy alliance of Greek states è The Dorians（多里安人） from the north of mainland Greece, still babarian tribes, occupied most of the Peloponnesus 2. Dark Age (-11C— -8C) è Period 1050-750 poorly known, called Dark Ages when there were few historical records left. è Kings ruled non-urban Greek netmunities during Dark Ages è At end of the period aristocracy（贵族政治） began to throw out kings, take over management of the netmunity è In the late Dark Ages the Greeks began to form urban centers around a citadel (fortress). These centers are called poleis (singular polis). They were well established by the eighth century è The polis (city state) （城邦） is the characteristic Greek political institution of the Classical period 3. Archaic Period (-8— -7C) è poverty of the land overpopulation è Colonization è A h