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MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
MANIFESTO OF THE
COMMUNIST PARTY
edited by Friedrich Engels
Transcribed by allen lutins with assistance from
Jim Tarzia
111
MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
CHAPTER I. BOURGEOIS AND
PROLETARIANS
The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class
struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master
and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant
opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now
open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-
constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending
classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a
complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold
gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights,
plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters,
journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again,
subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of
feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms. It has but
established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of
struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the
bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified
the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up
into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facin
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