第2周范式理论研究.pdf

Chapter Outline  Theory vs. Paradigm  Some Social Science Paradigms  Traditional Model of Science  Two Logical Systems Revisited: Deduction vs. Induction Theory and Research Theory functions three ways in research: 1. Theories prevent our being taken in by flukes. 2. Theories make sense of observed patterns in ways that can suggest other possibilities. 3. Theories can direct research efforts, pointing toward likely discoveries through empirical observation. Paradigms  Theories seek to ex in, whereas paradigms provide ways of looking.  A model or framework for observation and understanding, which shapes both what we see and how we understand it.  Implicit, assumed, and taken for granted Paradigms  Two benefits of realizing the existence of a paradigm: - Bet ble to understand the seemingly bizarre views and actions of others from a different paradigm - Profit from step outside our paradigm  Can’t be true or false, but only useful or less useful Social Science Paradigms: Macrotheory vs. Microtheory  Macrotheory: large, aggregate entities of society or whole societies • Struggl ween economic classes, international relations, interrelations among major institutions  Microtheory: issues at the level of individuals and small groups • Dating behavior, jury deliberations, student faculty in ctions  Mesotheory • Organizations, communities, and social categories Social Science Paradigms: Early Positivism  Comte: Science would re ce religion and metaphysics by basing knowledge on observations.  Positivism: empirical observation and logical ysis Social Science