国际经济学：理论与政策（第十一版）保罗·R.克鲁格曼-C02_Krugman_11e.pptxVIP

International Economics: Theory and PolicyEleventh EditionChapter 2World Trade: An OverviewCopyright ? 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives2.1 Describe how the value of trade between any two countries depends on the size of these countries’ economies and explain the reasons for that relationship.2.2 Discuss how distance and borders reduce trade.2.3 Describe how the share of international production that is traded has fluctuated over time and why there have been two ages of globalization.2.4 Explain how the mix of goods and services that are traded internationally has changed over time. PreviewLargest trading partners of the United StatesGravity model: Influence of an economy’s size on trade; Distance, barriers, borders and other trade impedimentsGlobalization: then and nowChanging composition of tradeService outsourcing Who Trades with Whom?More than 30% of world output is sold across national borders.World trade in goods and services exceeded $21 trillion in 2015.The 5 largest trading partners with the U.S. in 2015 were China, Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Germany.The largest 15 trading partners with the U.S. accounted for 75% of the value of U.S. trade in 2015. Figure 2.1 Total U.S. Trade with Major Partners, 2015U.S. trade—measured as the sum of imports and exports—is mostly with 15 major partners.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Size Matters: The Gravity Model (1 of 3)3 of the top 10 trading partners with the U.S. in 2012 were also the 3 largest European economies: Germany, the United Kingdom, and France. Why does the United States trade more with these European countries than with others?These countries have the largest gross domestic product (GDP), the value of goods and services produced in an economy, in Europe.Each European country’s share of U.S. trade with Europe is roughly equal to its share of European GDP. Figure 2.2 The Size of European Economies, and the Value of Their Trade with the United StatesShows th