开放社会科学.pdf

Open the Social Sciences Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences Stanford University Press Stanford, California © rgg6 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America CIP data appear at the end of the book Contents Foreword Calouste GulbenkianFoundation IX Members of the Commission Xlll I. The Historical Construction of the Social Sciences, from the Eighteenth Century to I945 I n. Debates Within the Social Sciences, I945 to the Present 33 I. The Validity of the Distinctions among the Social Sciences ... 36 2. The Degree to Which the Heritage Is Parochial...48 3. The Reality and Validity of the Distinction Between the "1\vo Cultures" ... 60 m. What Kind of Social Science Shall We Now Build? I. Humans and Nature . . . 78 2. The State as an Analytic Building Block ... 80 3. The Universal and the Particular ... 85 4. Objectivity ... go IV. Conclusion: Restructuring the Social Sciences 94 Foreword The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation sponsored, in the second half of the 198o's, what became a first, fruitful phase of the proj ect Portugal 2000, generating valuable reflections about the framework for and main issues concerning the pos­ sible or probable trajectories of the Portuguese nation at the dawn of the twenty-first century. These thoughts and investiga­ tions have been published, in Portuguese, in the series "Portu­ gal-The Next Twenty Years." As this initiative unfolded,