语用学ConversationAnalysis幻灯片.ppt

Chapter 6 Conversation Analysis What is this chapter about? Context—the environment of conversation; Relevant ideas from speech acts theory; What happens in conversation: How is conversation organized?—organization How does conversation mean?—form Content-oriented mechanisms—content 6.1 Conversation and context Co-text: immediate context Context: the entirety of societally relevant circumstances that surround the production of language. 6.1 Conversation and context traditional idea: the ideal (and correct) frame with two persons and two-utterance interchange. CA: open setting, but strict framework of co-text 6.2 From SA to conversation What can we use the theory of Speech Acts for when it comes to conversation? As an “eye-opener”; About speech acts About conversation About Conversation Conversation is not only a human right; it is a human duty (Ruiz Mayo 1990); Conversation is the prototypical kind of language use (Levinson 1983:284) What is important in conversation is not the ideal of “correctness”…(Nerlich and Clarke 2000 in press); Conversations may even have a well-defined aim. 6.3 What happens in conversation? Definition of conversation: a way of using language socially, of ‘doing things with words’ together with other persons. Two points of view: content & formal aspects 6.3.1 How is conversation organized? The beginnings of CA; Turns and turn-taking; Previewing TRPs 6.3.1.1 The beginnings of CA In late 50s and early 60s: non-linguists, conversation; Ethnomethodology: studies of the rules that conversation was found to obey; ‘people rules’: not so much ‘correctness’; ‘traffic rules’ and repair mechanisms Floor: the right to speak Turn taking: in any situation where control is not fixed in advance, anyone can attempt to get control. 6.3.1.2 Turns and turn taking Turn: a shift in the direction of the speaking ‘flow’ which is characteristic of normal conversation TRP: Transition Relevance Places certain well-defined