电力部门控制二氧化硫排放的美国经验.ppt

The US Experience Controlling SO2 Emissions In the Power Sector 电力部门控制二氧化硫排放的美国经验 Clean Air Initiative - Asia Urumqi, China 2006 History 历史 In the 1970s, the environmental, social, and economic effects of acid rain in the United States became a major concern to policy makers and the public. This resulted in passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970 and subsequent amendments in 1977 and 1990. 上世纪七十年代，酸雨在美国的环境、社会和经济影响已经成为政策制订者和民众的主要关注对象。这导致了1970年“清洁空气法案”的通过及其1977年和1990年的修订。 美 国 二 氧 化 硫 排 放 历 史 Three US Approaches to Controlling SO2 Emissions美国控制二氧化硫排放的主要措施 Standards-based 标准限制 NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) define attainment and protect human health by setting a limit on SO2 concentration nationwide. New and modified sources must meet technology and performance standards designed to prevent any significant deterioration of air quality. These standards set maximum emission levels and may specify BACT – ‘Best Available Control Technology’ for new units. 国家环境空气质量标准规定了全国的二氧化硫浓度限值来保护人民健康。新建和改建的污染源必须满足设计的技术和性能标准来防止空气质量的恶化。这些标准设定了最大排放水平，还可能指定新设备要使用的“最佳可用控制技术”。 Voluntary programs 自愿的项目 Government agencies working with industry to establish 政府和工业部门合作建立 Demand Side Management programs, to encourage consumers to reduce usage during periods of peak demand. Electric utilities are extending time-of-use metering with three different price levels (on-peak, off-peak and intermediate) from commercial customers to residential. ‘Smart meters’ display actual cost to the user. 需求方管理项目，来鼓励消费者在需求高峰期减少用量。用电的高峰、低估和中间时期有不同的价格水平。 Energy Conservation measures such as more efficient appliances 节能措施如节能设备 Renewable energy. U.S. EPA is the first US government agency to purchase 100% renewable. (How much? 300 million kWh per year primarily through the development of wind farms). 可再生能源。美国环保署是第一个购买100％可再生能源的的美国政府机关 （多少？3亿千瓦时每年，主要通过发展风能） Three US Approaches to Controlling SO2 Emissions美国控制二氧化硫排放的主要措施 Cap & Trade 排污交易 The Acid Rain Program (ARP) established an absolute cap on S