英语教学论Chapter1 Language and Language Learning.ppt

individual differences individual differences Motivation is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. individual differences An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport once described attitudes "the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology.” ---------Allport, Gordon,1935 individual differences Characteristic: A feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably; a distinguishing mark or trait. Willingness to listen Willingness to experiment Willingness to ask questions Willingness to think about how to learn Willingness to accept correction ------- Jeremy Harmer,1998 Characteristics do good learners share Learning strategies 图片来源：/sailing/chapter2.html Learning strategies Learning strategies are the thoughts and/or actions that students use to complete learning tasks. We all know that good teachers use numerous teaching strategies to help students learn. We use visuals to introduce new ideas, we direct students' attention to important elements, and we activate students' background knowledge before introducing a new concept. Learning strategies are the tools that students themselves can employ independently to complete a language task. For instance, a student who needs to learn a list of vocabulary words might draw a picture to remember each word. Workshop: Research & Presentation 1. How do